The misuse of prescription stimulants without medical indication with the aim of improving cognitive functions - the so-called “brain doping” – increases worldwide. Because of the high risk of serious adverse effects, including the potential for development of addiction, and also due to the fact that the long-term effects of use by healthy individuals are not fully explored, stimulants can pose a risk that we can not estimate yet. The phenomenon of brain doping has become a serious general health issue in many countries of the world and is one of the most controversial topics of modern neuroscience.

Key words: brain doping – prescription stimulant misuse – attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)